Profile: Hwang Woo-Suk

Title: Profile: Hwang Woo-Suk
Publication Info: BBC News
Date: 11 September 2011
Class: Theory of Knowledge
Category: In Class

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/

         

            In this article, it talks about a Korean scientist, named Hwang Woo-Suk who claimed to have cloned a human embryo for the first time. However, after investigation, it was declared that his results had been changed and that he had used unethical manners to conduct his experiment, violating two of Robert Merton’s scientific norms of disinterestedness and communalism. [Connection] His previous successes had given him authority and trust in the scientific field as he had cloned animals [could have provoked appeal to authority - fallacy], but due to this incident, he was deprived of fame, wealth, and credibility.

            He stated that he had been deceived by his staff members. However, no one believed him and thought he was covering his act up. How do we know that he was lying? [Knowledge Issue] It was said that the female researchers had supplied the eggs for the experiment. Perhaps they were lying about this, but because this seems so horrible and provokes emotion of anger, pity, and shock, the people are more inclined to believe the female researchers rather than Hwang Woo-Suk who may or may not have been telling the truth. If this was the case, then there was a case of [appeal to emotion – another fallacy]. Do people believe this point of view because BBC is a renowned news broadcasting organization? [Appeal to authority –fallacy] If these fallacies were all taken into account, then how guilty is Hwang Woo-Suk? Would he still be punished as he broke the scientific norms? Was he punished because he broke the scientific norms or because he was charged with practicing unethical methods? [Wonderings]

Title: Thought vs. Action
Date: 11 September 2011
Class: IB English HL
Category: Other Classes

http://www.pathguy.com/

            In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Hamlet faces the internal conflict of thought vs. action. He must put on the role of the avenging son, yet his moral values cause him to hesitate and delay action. Because he doesn’t have the personality of an avenging son, Hamlet tries to act like one, thus bringing up the main theme of the play: appearance vs. reality. What is the difference between appearance and reality? Is there a difference? If we start to believe appearance is reality, does appearance really become reality? What is reality? [Wonderings/Knowledge Issue] Perhaps Hamlet is putting on the act of not being courageous and bold because he knows it’s ethically wrong to murder. Can we manipulate our identity to suit our practical needs? [Wonderings] Hamlet may be too religious and too moral-driven that he is mentally unable to perform this revenge. However, Hamlet could think that by killing Claudius, he is obeying his father and thus, is not sinning. If this was the case, Hamlet would be religious and the avenging son. The play brings up the conflict between obligation and moral values. Which is more important? I feel that the person undergoing this struggle is likely to reason out their emotion. With obligation, they may feel fearful by not obeying whereas with moral values, they may feel guilty by going against their ethics. With both having an emotion associated with it, is emotion always a reliable way of knowledge? [Wonderings]

Who Are You?

Title: Who are you?
Date: 11 September 2011
Category: Outside of Class

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/

A couple days ago, I was talking with my close friend, about whether we knew who we were as a person. She claimed she knew who she was, and wasn’t scared to show it. I, on the other hand, told her I still didn’t know who I was and felt lost. How do we know who we are? How do we define ourselves? [Knowledge Issues] Is it based on other people’s perspectives? Is it based on your preferences and dislikes? Is it who you want to be? [Wonderings] People say “High School is really about finding out who we really are”. The question is then, how?

When asked, she stated that it’s obvious when people are acting fake. She reasoned that some people are so caught up with the idea of trying to fit in with the crowd, that they seem unnatural. She claimed that if I wasn’t scared of being different and knew how I was different from other people and wasn’t hiding this, I was comfortable with who I was. By being comfortable with myself meant that I was able to know who I was and just “be me” without acting like anyone else. This reminded me of the popular TV show “Glee”. [Connection] Throughout the episodes, the underdogs of the High School student body try to prove that they are not scared to be themselves. “Being me”. What does this mean? Both my friend and the story behind “Glee” appeared to be telling me basically to act like myself and no one else. However, how can we know whether we are acting or not? [Knowledge Issue] I consider myself to be an outgoing person; however, how do I know that I’m not acting this way? I could believe that I’m outgoing, but it doesn’t necessarily mean that I am. In George Orwell’s novel 1984, the character O’Brian states that we could believe 2+2 = 5 if we convinced ourselves hard enough. [Connection] If this is true, then everything we believe could just be in our heads, not reality (if there is such thing as “reality” at that). Some may reason that the other people’s perceptions are a reliable way to know who we are. However, how do we know that they are stating the truth? [Wondering] Could it not be that they have also convinced themselves of who we are, and thus created a false image in their heads of who we are? With this said, how reliable are other people’s opinions and thoughts? [Knowledge Issue]

Can we ever know who we really are? Does it even matter who we are, as long as we’re content with how we’re understood by others? Is there such a thing as identity, or is it simply a concept in our minds? [Wonderings] For me, I feel that it doesn’t matter whether we know who we really are, as long as we like who we are, and stay committed to that persona. Perhaps this way, that character can become you, and thus become your identity. [Knower’s perspective]

Connotations aside, many names can be nice

Title: Connotations aside, many names can be nice

Author: Brandon Rogers
Date: 26 May 2011
Class: Theory of Knowledge
Category: In Class

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/

            An article assigned by my TOK teacher was called “Connotations aside, many names can be nice” by Brandon Rogers. In this article, he explored word’s connotations and its pronunciation and sound. He stated that many words with negative connotation could be pleasing to the ears such as “Chlamydia” or “militia” etc. He claimed that he could have named his children using these names if he was only evaluating the sound of the names. With this, he asked the question of, “Do words have to mean pretty things to sound pretty?” (Rogers, par.2).

            Personally, I think words can sound pretty without meaning pretty. For example, although the word “halcyon” has a positive meaning, I do not find this word to sound pretty. [Connection] Instead, this word reminds me of the character, Hulk, from the movie. These words sound similar to the ears; however they have completely different connotations. One implies peace, whereas the other draws an image of a green monster. Another example could be of the word, “Chlamydia”. Although this word refers to a sexually transmitted disease (STD), I believe it is pleasant to the ears. While reading this article, I did not know what this word “Chlamydia” was referring to. This made me think of the foreigner’s reactions. I began to think, [Knowledge Issues] how would a foreigner be able to distinguish a word of positive connotation to another of a negative one? Do all people have the same “gut feeling” or “sense” of which word is positive and which is negative, regardless of race and nationality? [Connection] When preparing for the SAT, people tell me to use my gut feeling when determining the fill-in-the-blanks for the vocabulary section. In other words, I had to decide the word with the appropriate connotation. [Knowledge Issues] However, seeing that I thought the words “Chlamydia”, “militia”, “Artillery” and “Citronella” and many more to have positive connotations, are my gut feelings reliable to determine which words have positive or negative connotations? Is it fair and right for people to tell others to rely on your senses to complete the SAT fill-in-the-blank questions? Who decides what is considered as having a positive connotation and which is to have a negative connotation?

SAT Scores & Evaluating WOKs

Title: SAT Scores & Evaluating WOKs

Date: 28 May 2011
Category: Outside of Class

http://www.sattesting.org/

                 SAT scores were posted today by the Collegeboard organization. As I saw my grade, I was disappointed as I had not received the score I had hoped and prayed for. I felt discouraged and angry. I had worked so hard to do as many practice questions as I could in the time I had, and had dedicated myself to learning 20 vocabularies each night. I thought to myself, “maybe I didn’t pray hard enough” and “maybe I didn’t study hard enough”. My friends seemed to get high scores. I tried to comfort myself by telling myself that it was my first time. My mom couldn’t help but show her disappointment in me. I could tell she had wanted more from me by the tone of her voice, and her facial expressions [Language as a WOK]. She was quieter, and she looked sad with her eyes drooping down a little. [Knowledge Issue] Is this analysis accepted universally? I began to be grow more disappointed at myself for not having been able to measure up to her standards. I began to think, “How am I going to go to a university with a score like this?” etc.  My disappointment began to develop into anger. With anger, I began to question the accuracy of the SAT. These questions may have aroused from anger, however I believe these questions are valid knowledge issues.

Why is it that most universities are heavily influenced by our SAT scores when making admission decisions? [Knowledge Issues]  Are SAT scores reliable in determining our future opportunities? How valid are the conversions from the number of questions we get correct to the scores themselves? Who determines how the number is converted? Is it fair that we must depend on this idea, proposed by this person of authority, for the stability of our future? Evaluating my emotion at the time, if I had faced a different emotion, would I have thought of different knowledge issues? For example, if I was happy with the SAT score that I received, I may be inclined to think that the SAT scores are really accurate in determining our success. Because of this, I may be restricted from asking the accuracy of this test, or evaluating how reliable it is. Instead I may ask, “How do the Collegeboard derive questions to accurately measure our intelligence in our reasoning?” etc. However, if I received a low score, I would want to believe that SAT scores are unreliable. In this way, our emotion allows us to have a different point of view [Emotion as a WOK].

Blindness in Perception & Gender of Colors

Title: Blindness in Perception & Gender of Colors

Date: 24 May 2011
Class: Chemistry IB HL
Category: Other Classes

http://www.wpclipart.com/

            During a recent chemistry class, my classmates and I were conducting an experiment. We had to add a solute (unknown) into a solvent (water). After we dissolved this solute, we encountered a color change in the substance from clear to blue. I knew I had added a substance to the water which had caused this change in color, but I could no longer see the substance that had been added. I could not see the solutes floating about in the water; the particles had all dissociated.  I realized with this simple experiment that our perceptions could easily deceive us. [Knowledge Issue] If this is the case, then why do we rely on our sense perceptions as a way of knowledge in our day to day lives? Should our sense perception be our primary source of knowledge? What other ways of knowing are more reliable? Is it OK for us to rely on only one way of knowing or is it necessary to use all the ways of knowing to fully understand the idea?

            Focusing on the color change from clear to blue, I came to think of this topic. Blue is accepted to be a masculine color, similar to pink being referred to as a feminine color. I asked my partner, Sang Yeon, “Why do you think blue is considered to be masculine?” She replied with a simple, “I don’t know.” [Knowledge Issues] Why is it that gender is designated to a color? Is it because studies have shown that boys like blue more than girls? What if the statistics for this study changed due to the change in generation? Would the gender still stick with the color or would it change? Who has the authority to change this? [Connection] This idea of a color being either feminine or masculine is so powerful in our society today, that it has influenced social discrimination. For example, men wearing pink are sometimes referred to as being gay just because of the color they are wearing. Why is this issue so important as to limit the colors that we can and cannot like and use?

Half of the world’s languages under threat

Title: Half of the world’s languages under threat

Author: Paul Holmes
Publication Info: Published by Reuters-Paris
Date: 26 May 2011
Class: Theory of Knowledge
Category: In Class

http://www.dailygalaxy.com/

                This article addresses the disappearance of languages in our society. The article supports the claim made by Professor Stephen Wurm that the decline of languages is directly related to the diminution of their speakers. This theory is supported by him making a reference to the disappearance of aboriginal languages in Australia due to the fall in numbers of the native Australian population. This is comparable to that of the United States. Today, the language spoken in America is accepted as being English rather than the native languages of the Navajos, Cherokees, and Iroquois etc. This suggestion makes sense because if all the Koreans were to disappear, the language becomes of no use and thus forgotten among the people. Although I am in favor of this argument, there seems to be many knowledge issues that can be addressed regarding this topic.

            [Knowledge Issues] How accurate is this study? Could it be that the speakers are all dispersed in other countries and thus are multilingual? [Observation] The article does not state the procedure used to carry out this study and so this initiates a sense of doubt to the readers. The procedure is very significant because it allows us to evaluate the accuracy of the study. For example, if this was carried out in an internet-based survey, there is a high possibility that people may choose to take it as a joke and state false information. Also, internet-based surveys usually only allows us to click on one option; thus what happens to the multi-language speakers? Another example could be visiting random people and asking them face-to-face. The problem of lying also applies to this. For example, if a random person asked me what languages I speak, I may not want to give him the correct information seeing as I do not know who he is and what he is capable of doing, and thus I may give him false information, which he would then take to be valid information. Also, a problem caused by this method is that there are so many people in the world that we cannot possibly ask each and every person. [Knowledge Issues] How would we know who to ask? How would we know that a certain person(s) is capable of representing the majority? Because the method is not described in the article, the article’s claim is vulnerable to doubt and disbelief.